1. The components are not placed correctly

Some high-power equipment needs to reserve natural ventilation or forced ventilation to dissipate heat. Without proper airflow to dissipate heat, the PCB will accumulate most of the heat, causing the temperature to rise, resulting in degraded circuit performance or damage. Care should be taken not to place sensitive components near components that emit a lot of heat; with proper heat dissipation and natural or forced cooling, the temperature can be kept within a safe range.

2. Environmental and external thermal factors

When PCBs are used in extreme temperature environments, electronic components may be subjected to excessive stress if the temperature conditions in the target environment are not considered in the design; general electronic component manufacturers will provide specifications applicable within a specific temperature range .

3. Wrong selection of parts and materials

Failure to follow recommended usage guidelines during electronic component material selection can lead to thermal issues. When selecting electronic components, it is important to review the detailed data and consider all relevant information regarding power dissipation, thermal resistance, temperature limits and cooling techniques. Also, do a quick power calculation for the resistors to make sure you choose the right power rating for the application. Another issue is the choice of PCB dielectric material, the printed circuit board itself must be able to withstand worst-case thermal conditions.

4. Defects in PCB design and manufacturing

Poor layout and manufacturing process can lead to PCB thermal problems. Improper soldering can hinder heat dissipation, and insufficient trace width or copper area can also cause temperature increases. To prevent thermal issues, designers must reduce heat dissipation and use other cooling techniques when free cooling is insufficient; thermally optimized designs require attention to component specifications, PCB layout, PCB dielectric materials, and environmental conditions.